Crazy Python pointer

It took me ~1 hour to find a silly bug because of the "call-by-value" thing in python:

>> a = b = {}
>> a[0] = 1
>> print a
{0:1}
>>b[0] = 9
>> print a
{0:9}
>> print id(a)
4297396640
>> print id(b)
4297396640

When you change the value of a copied variable, the formal one changes, too.

So yes, as it is confusing usually how parameters are passed in different programming languages. What happens when a variable is passed and whether its value will be changed or not.

In python, a variable actually holds a reference (pointer, address) of an object. When the variable is passed as a parameter, its value is copied into the formal parameter variable.

>>x = 1
>>print id(x)
39030144
>>def f(x):
>> print id(x)
39030144
>> x = 2
>> print id(x)
39030132

>>f(x)
>>print x
1

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